Group action

In algebra and geometry, a group action is a way of describing symmetries of objects using groups. The essential elements of the object are described by a set and the symmetries of the object are described by the symmetry group of this set, which consists of bijective transformations of the set. In this case, the group is also called a permutation group (especially if the set is finite or not a vector space) or transformation group (especially if the set is a vector space and the group acts like linear transformations of the set).

A group action is a flexible generalization of the notion of a symmetry group in which every element of the group "acts" like a bijective transformation (or "symmetry") of some set, without being identified with that transformation. This allows for a more comprehensive description of the symmetries of an object, such as a polyhedron, by allowing the same group to act on several different sets, such as the set of vertices, the set of edges and the set of faces of the polyhedron.

If G is a group and X is a set then a group action may be defined as a group homomorphism from G to the symmetric group of X. The action assigns a permutation of X to each element of the group in such a way that

the permutation of X assigned to the identity element of G is the identity transformation of X;

the permutation of X assigned to a product gh of two elements of the group is the composite of the permutations assigned to g and h.

Since each element of G is represented as a permutation, a group action is also known as a permutation representation.

The abstraction provided by group actions is a powerful one, because it allows geometrical ideas to be applied to more abstract objects. Many objects in mathematics have natural group actions defined on them. In particular, groups can act on other groups, or even on themselves. Despite this generality, the theory of group actions contains wide-reaching theorems, such as the orbit stabilizer theorem, which can be used to prove deep results in several fields.

(source:wikipedia)

crowd

A crowd is a large and definable group of people, while "the crowd" is referred to as the so-called lower orders of people in general (the mob). A crowd may be definable through a common purpose or set of emotions, such as at a political rally, at a sports event, or during looting, or simply be made up of many people going about their business in a busy area (eg shopping). Everybody in the context of general public or the common people is normally referred to as the masses.

Terminology

The term crowd is often defined in contrast to other group nouns for collections of humans or animals: aggregation, audience, group, mass, mob, populous, public, rabble and throng. For example in "Public Opinion" Vincent Price compares masses and crowds:

Crowds are defined by their shared emotional experiences, but masses are defined by their interpersonal isolation.

In human sociology, the term "mobbed" simply means "extremely crowded", as in a busy mall or shop. In animal behaviour mobbing is a technique where many individuals of one species "gang up" on a larger individual of another species to drive them away. Mobbing behaviour is often seen in birds.

Social aspects of crowds

Social aspects are concerned with the formation, management and control of crowds, both from the point of view of individuals and groups. Often crowd control is designed to persuade a crowd to align with a particular view (e.g., political rallies), or to contain groups to prevent damage or mob behaviour. Politically organised crowd control is usually conducted by law enforcement but on some occasions military forces are used for particularly large or dangerous crowds.

Social aspects of crowds for adolescent peer groups

Adolescent culture is a relatively new feature of society, affecting most teenagers in the United States since the 1930s. The research on adolescent culture began with the search for identities: who the adolescents and their peer groups are and the differences and how adolescent culture differed from adult culture. Many researchers are making efforts to develop an understanding of the functions of crowds. But the findings are complicated due to multiple definitions of the crowd. Now in adolescence, peer affiliation becomes more important than ever before. Youths tend to categorize themselves and each other based on stereotypes and reputations. These categories are known in the developmental psychology literature as peer crowds. Crowds are defined as reputation based collectives of similarly stereotyped individuals who may or may not spend much time together. Crowds also refer to collectives of adolescents identified by the interests, attitudes, abilities, and/or personal characteristics they have in common. Crowds are different from cliques, which are interaction based peer groups who hang out together. Crowds are not simply clusters of cliques; the two different structures serve entirely different purposes. Because the clique is based on activity and friendship, it is the important setting in which the adolescent learns social skills like how to be a good friend and how to communicate effectively. These and other social skills are important in adulthood as well as in adolescence. Crowds are based on reputation and stereotypes than on interaction; they probably contribute more to the adolescent sense of identity and self-conception. For example jocks and burnouts are more likely to be interaction based than such crowds as loners and nerds.

Psychological aspects of crowds

Psychological aspects are concerned with the psychology of the crowd as a group and the psychology of those who allow their will and emotions to be informed by the crowd (both discussed more comprehensively under crowd psychology), and other individual responses to crowds, such as crowd-sickness, claustrophobia and agoraphobia.

(source:wikipedia)

peer group

A peer group is a social group consisting of people. Peer groups are an informal primary group of people who share a similar or equal status and who are usually of roughly the same age, tended to travel around and interact within the social aggregate Members of a particular peer group often have similar interests and backgrounds, bonded by the premise of sameness. However, some peer groups are very diverse, crossing social divides such as socioeconomic status, level of education, race, creed, culture, or religion.

Developmental psychology

Developmental psychologists, Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Harry Stack Sullivan, have all argued that peer relationships provide a unique context for cognitive, social, and emotional development, with equality, reciprocity, cooperation, and intimacy, maturing and enhancing children's reasoning abilities and concern for others. Modern research echoes these sentiments, showing that social and emotional gains are indeed provided by peer interaction.

Bonding and functions of peer groups

Serve as a source of info.

Peer groups have a significant influence on psychological and social adjustments for group individuals.Peer groups provide perspective outside of individual’s viewpoints. Members inside peer groups also learn to develop relationships with other in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for  teaching members customs, social norms, and different ideologies.

Teaches gender roles.

Peer groups can also serve as a venue for teaching members Gender roles. Through gender-role socialization group members learn about sex differences, social and cultural expectations. While boys and girls differ greatly there is not a one to one link between sex and gender role with males always being masculine and female always being feminine. Both genders can contain different levels of masculinity and femininity. Peer groups like gender roles can consist of all males, all females, or both male and female. Peer groups can have great influence or peer pressure on each other’s gender role behavior depending on the amount of pressure. If a peer group holds to a strong social norm, member will behave in ways predicted by their gender roles, but if there is not a unanimous peer agreement gender roles do not correlate with behavior

Serves as a practicing venue to adulthood.

Adolescent Peer groups provide support for children, and teens as they assimilate into the adult society decreasing dependence on parents, and increasing feeling of self-sufficiency and connecting with a much larger social network. this is “a period in which individuals are expanding their perspective beyond the family how to and learning negotiate relationships with others in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents”  Peer groups also have influence on individual member’s attitudes, and behaviors on many cultural, and social issues such as drug use, violence, academic achievement and even the development and expression of prejudice.

Teaches unity & collective behavior

Peer Groups “ provide an influential social setting in which group norms are developed, and enforced through socialization processes that promote within-group similarity. Peer groups cohesion is determined, and maintained by such factors as group Communication, Group consensus, and Group conformity concerning attitude and behavior. As members of peer groups interconnect, and agree, a normative code arises. This Normative code can become very rigid deciding group behavior, and dress. Peer group individuality is increased by normative codes, and intergroup conflict. Member Deviation from the strict normative code can lead to rejection from the group.

Gender differences

Male

Male peer groups tend to display more assertive behavior and independence. Male peer groups also tend to display more antagonistic behavior than girls. Status hierarchies develop within Males peer groups having members vie for position for a time, but eventually a stable hierarchy is established reducing intragroup conflict. Many Adolescent male peer groups use homophobic behavior (e.g., using homophobic epithets or making homophobic statements) to assert masculinity and identify inappropriate behavior among group members.

Female

Female peer group members often feel greater investments in their social relationships than Males. Because of this investment female peer groups place a greater importance on group affiliation. This need of affiliation also leads females to dissent less and be more conforming to peer group norms compared to males. Status hierarchies are also formed in female groups, but often denied by group members . The great value placed on group membership also causes female groups to be more exclusive and resistant to new members after the group has been set. Furthermore, females great investments in social relationships tends to lead to more positive interactions than those of males.

Peer pressure

The term peer pressure is often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing their behavior to match that of their peers. Taking up smoking and underage drinking are two of the best known examples. In spite of the often negative connotations of the term, peer pressure can be used positively.

(source:wikipedia)

Town

Twitter is a world web surfer's town.The twitters use twitter for promot there products power wheels barbie, coat tree, corel draw, green tea, radio, flyer, wagon,cross, trainer, headphones, sandisk, cruzer, drum kit, chocolate, truffles,acuvue, toaster, origami, paper, tiara, video card,flash card, bubble machine, window washer, faucet ,atkins bars,portable generator, disco, ball, nikon ,coolpix rowing machine, briefcases,and there business links.

working group

A working group (WG) is an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers working on new research activities that would be difficult to develop under traditional funding mechanisms (e.g. federal agencies). The lifespan of the WG can last anywhere between a few months and several years. Such groups have the tendency to develop a quasi-permanent existence once the assigned task is accomplished; hence the need to disband (or phase out) the WG once it has provided solutions to the issues for which it was initially convened. Such goals to be achieved may include:

creation of an informational document;

creation of a standard, or

resolution of problems related to a system or network.

The WG may assemble experts (and future experts) on a topic together for intensive work. It is not an avenue for briefing novices about the subject matter. Occasionally, a group might admit a person with little experience and a lot of enthusiasm. However, such participants should be present as observers and in the minority.

Working groups are also referred to as task groups or technical advisory groups.

Characteristics

The nature of the working group may depend on the group's raison d’être — which may be technical, artistic (specifically musical), or administrative in nature.

]Administrative working groups

These working groups are established by decision makers at higher levels of the organization for the following purposes:

To elaborate, consolidate, and build on the consensus of the decision makers; and

To ensure (and improve) coordination among the various segments of the organization. A shared commitment to agreed common aims develops among the parties as they work together to clarify issues, formulate strategies, and develop action plans.

For example, the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs is a group of twelve federal agencies within the executive branch of the U.S. government, and is responsible for promoting achievement of positive results for at-risk youth. This working group was formally established by Executive Order 13459, Improving the Coordination and Effectiveness of Youth Programs, on February 7, 2008.

Musical working groups

Although any artisan or artist can benefit from being part of a working group, it is especially of great import for session players. Musicians face a variety of challenges that can impede the formation of musical working groups, such as touring and studio recording sessions. Such activities make it that much more difficult to concentrate on the developing the cohesiveness that is required to maintain a working group.

However, working groups have been shown to be rewarding to the stakeholders, as it fosters innovation. By working with the same people frequently, members become familiar with the répertoire of other members, which develops trust and encourages spontaneity.

Some of the more notable musical working groups include:

Abdullah Ibrahim Trio;

Alex von Schlippenbach Trio;

Dave Holland (Trio, Quartet, or Quintet);

Die Like A Dog Quartet;

Gary Bartz Quartet;

Vandermark 5; and

William Parker Quartet (Trio/Quartet).

[edit]Technical working groups

In many technical organizations, for example Standards organizations, the groups that meet and make decisions are called "working groups". Examples include:

IETF working groups (which are subordinate to Areas)

HTTP WG, original led by Dave Raggett

ISO working groups (which are subordinate to an SC (subcommittee), subordinate to a TC (technical committee)

W3C working groups

Device Description Working Group

Technical Architecture Group

SVG Working Group

In some cases, like the Printer Working Group, an entire consortium uses the term "working group" for itself.

The rules for who can be a part of the working groups, and how a working group makes decisions, varies considerably between organizations.

Mechanics

It is imperative for the participants to appreciate and understand that the working group is intended to be a forum for cooperation and participation. Participants represent the interests and views of stakeholders from disparate sectors of the community which happen to have a vested interest in the results of the WG. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening communication lines with all parties involved is essential (this responsibility cuts both ways — stakeholders are expected to share what information, knowledge and expertise they have on the issue.)

Programmes developed should be evaluated by encouraging community input and support; this will ensure that such programmes meet the community's vision for its future. The WG should also regularly seek community feedback on their projects. Apropos questions to be asked during such meetings include:

What were the objectives of the program?

What were the results of the project?

What effect did the results have on the identified problem?

What unexpected results — desirable or otherwise — were observed?

How were the results achieved? (Was it by the methods and techniques originally intended, or did these evolve with implementation?)

Was there an effective use of community resources?

Should our objective or methods be changed?

Depending on the lifespan of the WG, involved parties (at the very least) convene annually. However, such meetings may happen as often as once every semester or trimester.

(source:wikipedia)

Air Europa

Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S.A.U. is the third largest airline in Spain after Iberia and Vueling. The airline is headquartered in the Centro Empresarial Globalia in Llucmajor, Majorca, Spain. It operates inclusive tour services between northern and western Europe and holiday resorts in the Canary Islands and Balearic Islands. It also operates domestic scheduled services and long-haul scheduled services to North America and South America. Its main base is Palma de Mallorca Airport, Palma de Mallorca.

The airline is 100% owned by Globalia, a travel and tourism company managed by Juan Jose Hidalgo. Since September 2007 the airline has been a member of the SkyTeam alliance. During the last ten years its operations have gradually shifted ever more to focusing on scheduled flights.

History

Boeing 737-800 landing at Bristol Airport

Air Europa started in 1986 (registered in Spain as Air España SA and previously known as such) as part of the British ILG-Air Europe Group and 75% owned by Spanish banks. It originally had a similar livery to Air Europe but with Air Europa titles, aircraft were registered in Spain and flew holiday charters from Mediterranean resorts and European cities using a Boeing 737-300. It was the first Spanish private company to operate national scheduled flights (besides charter flights which used to be its main business). When parent company ILG ceased trading in 1991 Air Europa continued profitably with a larger fleet of Boeing 737s. It signed a franchise agreement with Iberia in January 1998, but this has since been dissolved. It is now owned by Globalia Corporación Empresarial S.A. At the end of the 1990s Boeing 737-800 jets were introduced along with a new livery. In June 2005 it was announced among the four future associate members of SkyTeam alliance, due to join by 2006. However, the joining date was postponed, and became a member on 1 September 2007.

[edit]Destinations

Main article: Air Europa destinations

[edit]Codeshare agreements

Air Europa has codeshare agreements with the following airlines, beside SkyTeam members:

Spanair (Star Alliance)

Air Europa was the parent company for Air Dominicana, the new flag carrier of the Dominican Republic, until bankruptcy was declared on 21 September 2009.[6]

Also in the summer season, Air Europa operates for some TCX * Thomas Cook charter flights, normally from their main base of Palma de Mallorca (PMI) (LEPA)

[edit]Fleet

Boeing 737-85P at Madrid Barajas Airport

Boeing 767-300ER

[edit]Current fleet

The Air Europa fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2011:[7]

Air Europa Fleet

Aircraft In Fleet Orders Options Passengers

(Business/Economy) Average Age (years)[8]

Airbus A330-200 7 0 0 299 (24/275) 4.7

Boeing 737-800 25 34 0 186 (0/186) 8.1

Boeing 767-300ER 2 0 0 263 (18/245) 9.9

Boeing 787-8 0 8 8 TBA -

Embraer E-195 8 3 0 122 (0/122) 1.2

Total 42 45 8 7.5

[edit]Historic fleet

Air Europa used to operate the following aircraft:

Air Europa Historic Fleet

Aircraft Total Location

Airbus A340-200 1 With Conviasa

Boeing 757-200 16 1 with Jet2.com, 1 with SBA Airlines.

McDonnell Douglas MD-83 1 Stored

[edit]Incidents and accidents

On 27 October 2007, a Boeing 737-800 chartered by the UN destroyed dozens of approach and landing lights whilst making a low approach at Poland's Katowice International Airport.[9] No passengers were reported injured but the aircraft suffered extensive damage to the fuselage and engines.

On 31 October 2008, Air Europa Flight 196 from Glasgow overran the runway at Lanzarote Airport. No injuries were reported amongst the 74 passengers and crew.

(source:wikipedia)

Iberia:Líneas Aéreas de España

Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. is the flag carrier airline of Spain. Based in Madrid, it operates an international network of services from its main bases of Madrid-Barajas Airport and Barcelona El Prat Airport.

Iberia Airlines, with Iberia Regional (operated by an independent carrier Air Nostrum), is a part of Iberia Group. In addition to transporting passengers and freight, Iberia Group carries out related activities, such as aircraft maintenance, handling in airports, IT systems and in-flight catering. Iberia Group airlines fly to over 102 destinations in 39 countries. Via code-sharing arrangements with other companies, it offers flights to another 90 destinations.

On 12 November 2009, Iberia Airlines confirmed that it had reached a preliminary agreement to merge with British Airways. The merger between the two carriers will create the world's third-largest airline in terms of revenue. On 8 April 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had signed an agreement to merge, making the combined operation the third largest commercial airline in the world by revenue. The newly merged company will be known as International Airlines Group, although both airlines will continue to operate under their current brands. Both airlines are expected to complete their merger in January 2011. On November 29, 2010, shareholders from both carriers approved the merger.

History

History of Iberia Airlines

Iberia, Compañía Aérea de Transportes was incorporated on 28 June 1927 with a capital investment by the financier Horacio Echeberrieta and Lufthansa of 1.1 million pesetas. Flight operations started on 14 December 1927. Within a year, the company was sponsored by the Spanish government to provide postal transport between Madrid and Barcelona. During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, the aviation companies in Spain were combined and became state-controlled as a general interest public utility, coming into effect in early 1928. As a consequence, Iberia was merged into Compañía de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas S.A. (C.L.A.S.S.A.) and ceased activities on 29 May 1929. The name "Iberia" continued to be registered by Director-General Daniel de Araoz y Aréjula. As the name "Iberia" was still registered, it was used when operations began in nationalist-held territory towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. Following the Civil War, it became a purely domestic airline.

Airbus A320.

The airline was nationalised on 30 September 1944 and became part of INI. In 1946, it was the first airline to fly between Europe and South America after WWII, using a Douglas DC-4 flying from Madrid to Buenos Aires. By the Pact of Madrid in 1953, visa requirements were eliminated for US visitors to Spain. This stimulated the start of transatlantic flights between Spain and United States the following year. In addition, the amendments made in Montreal to the Convention on International Civil Aviation on 14 June 1954 were liberal to Spain, allowing mass tourism using charter planes.

Airbus A319 in retro colour scheme.

By the time of its 50th anniversary in 1981, the Boeing 747 airline carried over 10 million passengers in a year for the first time. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, Iberia also began to build up interests in other Spanish airlines – Aviaco, Viva Air, Binter Canarias and Binter Mediterraneo and Latin American airlines – Aerolíneas Argentinas, Viasa and Ladeco.

In 1987 Iberia together with Lufthansa, Air France and SAS founded Amadeus, an IT company (also known as a GDS) that would enable travel agencies to sell the founders and other airlines' products from a single system.

During 2001 Iberia was privatised and shares were listed on stock exchanges. By 2002, when Iberia celebrated its 75th anniversary, nearly 500 million people had flown with them.

On 5 February 2006 the new Terminal 4 at Madrid Barajas was given over to Iberia and the Oneworld alliance members. This provided much-needed expansion capabilities for Iberia. Iberia is responsible for around 60% of the airport's traffic. In 2005 the airline and its regional branch Air Nostrum transported 21,619,041 passengers to/from Barajas.

Ownership

The head office of Iberia in Madrid

On 3 April 2001, Iberia was privatised and included in the IBEX-35 stock index of the Madrid stock exchange. The core shareholders are: Caja Madrid– 23.45%, British Airways 13.2%, SEPI– 5.20%, El Corte Inglés– 2.90%. British Airways has raised its stake in Iberia by purchasing American Airlines' remaining shares, reportedly paying £13m for the small shareholding. This increases the total stake in Iberia to around 10% and preserves its two seats on the Iberia board.British Airways also has first right to purchase another 32% of Iberia's shares. Consequently any takeover of Iberia would require the approval of British Airways.

British Airways and Iberia have recently merged.

British Airways cannot acquire more than 49% of Iberia as bilateral air services agreements between Spain and non-EU countries require Iberia to remain in overall Spanish ownership (at least 51%) if the airline is to retain its rights to fly to these countries from Spain. While the new EU-US Open Skies deal on air services removes this requirement on all flights between the EU and US by EU airlines, this is not the case for the lucrative Latin American market on which Iberia relies for the majority of its profits.

Wikinews has related news: British Airways and Iberia agree to merge

On 29 July 2008, British Airways and Iberia confirmed they are in merger talks and on 12 November 2009, they confirmed that they had reached a deal. The merger was approved by European regulators in July 2010. Iberia will hold 45% of the newly formed company.

Iberia has 24,348 employees (at March 2007).

Subsidiaries and alliances

Iberia has a 45.85% stake in low-cost carrier Vueling, which is based near Barcelona and a 0.95% share in Royal Air Maroc.

Iberia is allied with American Airlines, Qantas, Avianca, British Airways, PLUNA of Uruguay and Grupo TACA, and on 1 September 1999, the company joined the Oneworld alliance. British Airways owns 55% of its share capital.

Iberia has a codeshare agreement with several Oneworld members: Cathay Pacific on flights from Amsterdam and London Heathrow to Hong Kong, Japan Airlines on flights from Amsterdam to Tokyo Narita and Royal Jordanian from Madrid to Amman, and with LAN Airlines for flights connecting Latin America and most of Europe. Also code share with Malev Hungarian Airlines on the Madrid-Budapest service and several Malev routes within Europe and Russia

Vueling and Clickair, merged together in 2009.

Former subsidiaries

Binter was the name of two airlines, both subsidiaries of whom were subsidiaries of Iberia Airlines, both airlines flew CN-235's :

Binter Canarias - was established on 18 February 1988 and started operations on 26 March 1989. It was formed as a subsidiary of Iberia. In late 1999 SEPI (the Spanish state holding company of Iberia) implemented the privatisation of Binter Canarias, but held on to a "golden share", permitting it to authorise any future shareholding deal of more than 25%. However, the airline was wholly owned by Hesperia Inversiones Aéreas, which bought the airline in July 2002. It is now owned by Ilsamar Tenerife (49.81%), Ferma Canarias Electrica (10.44%), Agencia Maritima Afroamericana (10.11%), Flapa (10%) and others (19.6%) and has 406 employees. Some of the owners of Binter Canarias decided to buy Navegacion y Servicios Aéreos Canarios (NAYSA) and to transfer some planes from Binter to NAYSA in order to reduce costs and increase benefits.

Binter Mediterraneo - created in 1988, in the likeness of Binter Canarias, and subsidiary of Iberia LAE. The airline was based in Madrid and operated a fleet consisted of five CASA CN-235 aircraft. Binter Mediterraneo linked the city of Melilla to Malaga, Almeria, Valencia and in its last year, with Madrid. Binter ceased operations after one of its planes crashed on August 29 of 2001 in the vicinity of Malaga airport while performing the Melilla-Malaga route.acquired by Air Nostrum, another Iberia subsidiary, in 1998 and absorbed its operations. It replaced the remaining CN-235's with ATR-72's.

Services

In 2005, Iberia introduced its new Business Plus Class on its Airbus A340 aircraft.

In March 2009 Iberia announced that during the course of 2009–2011 it would renovate its economy class on all its planes as well as designing a new business class for its long haul planes.

In addition, Iberia is an aircraft maintenance company , servicing its fleet and those of another 48 companies, including some leading European airlines. Iberia is a supplier of aircraft handling services at all Spanish airports; its airline clients number more than 200.

Iberia was a founding partner in the computerised air ticket reservation system, Amadeus, with an 18.28% stake – this was sold in 2005. Iberia is also active as a tour operator through its Viva Tours and Tiempo Libre units, and with Cacesa, it supplies parcel shipment services.

Iberia Airlines makes use of e-tickets and encourages customers to print the boarding pass prior to their flight. Travellers with only carry-on baggage can go directly to the boarding gate. e-tickets sales accounted for 93% of all Iberia tickets sold in January 2006. In Spain identification of the traveller by means of an identity document or passport is mandatory for all airlines on all routes, including Spanish domestic ones.

Destinations

Iberia destinations

Iberia is the only European Airline to serve Guatemala City , Córdoba, San Salvador and Montevideo. Currently, Iberia is striving to convert Barcelona's El Prat airport into its second major international HUB; new long haul routes to Miami and Sao Paulo - where Iberia has codeshare agreements with American Airlines and Gol Airlines, respectively - will begin the 29th March.

Codeshare agreements

Iberia has codeshare agreement with the following airlines, * indicates as Oneworld:

Air Malta

American Airlines *

Avianca

British Airways *

Bulgaria Air

Comair *

Czech Airlines (SkyTeam)

El Al

Finnair *

Gol Transportes Aéreos

Grupo TACA

Iberworld

Japan Airlines *

LAN Airlines *

Malév Hungarian Airlines *

Meridiana fly

PLUNA

Qantas *

Royal Air Maroc

Royal Jordanian *

S7 Airlines *

Ukraine International Airlines

Vueling Airlines

Catering

Gate Gourmet provides Iberia's in-flight catering. Economy class passengers traveling within western Europe have a buy on board food programme called "Tu Menú."

Fleet

An Iberia Boeing 747-200 (currently Retired)

See also: Air Nostrum

The Iberia fleet consists of the following aircraft as of 28 July 2010:

Iberia Airlines Fleet

Aircraft Total Orders Passengers

P Y

Total

Airbus A319-100 23 3 44 78 122

Airbus A320-200 42 17 18 162 180

Airbus A321-200 19 — 46 154 200

Airbus A330-300 — 16 36 241 277

Airbus A340-300 18 — 42 218 260

Airbus A340-600 18 — 52 291 343

Total 120 28

In October 2010, the average age of the Iberia fleet was 7.8 years.

Iberia's livery is a Eurowhite scheme, composed of primarily white with red and yellow accents.

Fleet development

Over the years, Iberia operated the following aircraft types:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Aircraft Introduced Retired

Airbus A300 1981 2003

Airbus A319 2000

Airbus A320 1990

Airbus A321 1999

Airbus A340-300 1996

Airbus A340-600 2004

Boeing 727-200 1972 2001

Boeing 737-300 1988 1990

Boeing 737-400 1998 2001

Boeing 747-100 1970 1981

Boeing 747-200 1972 2005

Boeing 747-300 2000 2005

Boeing 747-400 2004 2006

Boeing 757-200 1993 2006

Boeing 767-300 1998 2001

Douglas DC-1 1939 1940

Douglas DC-2

Douglas DC-3

Douglas DC-4

Douglas DC-8

Douglas DC-9

Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1997 1998

McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1973 2005

McDonnell Douglas MD-87 1990 2008

McDonnell Douglas MD-88 1999 2008

Sud Caravelle

Incidents and accidents

History of Iberia Airlines#Incidents and accidents

On 9 November 2007 an Iberia Airbus A340-600 was badly damaged after sliding off the runway at Mariscal Sucre International Airport. No injuries were reported. According to Airbus, the aircraft was written-off.

On 31 July 2008 an Iberia McDonnell Douglas MD-88, on flight IB3575 from Vienna to Madrid with 126 passengers and 6 crew, made an emergency landing after a burst tire was ingested by the engine. No injuries were reported.

(source:wikipedia)